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Gearbox 2 step speed reduction gear box
Hello everyone. I have designed a 2 step speed reduction gearbox. The geartrain has been manufactured by using EN24 steel and plasma nitriding as heat treament.. The gear box case has been manufactured using Aluminum 6061T6. This is what i designed for the our self designed ATV Vehicle for BAJA SAE USA.
Ekagra Agarwal
TIG and PAW welding
Available below are the notes for the course mechanical and subject manufacturing. The topics included in the documents are Arc shapes in welding with different shielding gases, Process variants of Plasma arc welding, Underwater welding, etc.
Lubrication and Bearings
Available below are the notes for the course mechanical and subject manufacturing. The topics included in the documents are CHARACTERISTICS OF LUBRICANTS, PROPERTIES AGAINST OPERATING TEMP. , LUBRICANT SELECTION, FLEXIBLE SHAFTS, etc.
The sceptic media
Every day, experts bombard us with their views on topics as varied as Iraqi insurgents, Bolivian coca growers, European central bankers, and North Korea's Politburo. But how much credibility should we attach to the opinions of experts? Skeptics, warn that the mass media dictate the voices we hear and are less interested in reasoned debate than in catering to popular prejudices. As a result, fame could be negatively, not positively, correlated with long-run accuracy. Until recently, no one knew who is right, because no one was keeping score. But the results of a 20-year research project now suggest that the skeptics are closer to the truth. I describe the project in detail in my book Expert Political Judgment: How good is it? How can we know? The basic idea was to solicit thousands of predictions from hundreds of experts about the fates of dozens of countries, and then score the predictions for accuracy. We find that the media not only fail to weed out bad ideas, but that they often favor bad ideas, especially when the truth is too messy to be packaged neatly. The evidence falls into two categories. First, as the skeptics warned, when hordes of pundits are jostling for the limelight, many are tempted to claim that they know more than they do. Boom and doom pundits are the most reliable over-claimers. Between 1985 and 2005, boomsters made 10-year forecasts that exaggerated the chances of big positive changes in both financial markets. They assigned probabilities of 65% to rosy scenarios that materialized only 15% of the time. In the same period, doomsters performed even more poorly, exaggerating the chances of negative changes in all the same places where boomsters accentuated the positive. They assigned probabilities of 70% to bleak scenarios that materialized only 12% of the time. Second, again as the skeptics warned, over-claimers rarely pay penalties for being wrong. Indeed, the media shower lavish attention on over-claimers while neglecting their humbler colleagues. We can see this process in sharp relief when, following the philosopher Sir Isaiah Berlin, we classify experts as "hedgehogs" or "foxes." Hedgehogs are big-idea thinkers in love with grand theories: libertarianism, Marxism, environmentalism, etc. Their self-confidence can be infectious. They know how to stoke momentum in an argument by multiplying reasons why they are right and others are wrong. That wins them media acclaim. But they don't know when to slam the mental brakes by making concessions to other points of view. They take their theories too seriously. The result: hedgehogs make more mistakes, but they pile up more hits on Google. Imagine your job as a media executive depends on expanding your viewing audience. Whom would you pick: an expert who balances conflicting arguments and concludes that the likeliest outcome is more of the same, or an expert who gets viewers on the edge of their seats over radical Islamists seizing control and causing oil prices to soar? At this point, uncharitable skeptics chortle that we get the media we deserve. But that is unfair. No society has yet created a widely trusted method for keeping score on the punditocracy. Even citizens who prize accuracy have little way of knowing that they are sacrificing it when they switch channels from boring foxes to charismatic hedgehogs. Here, then, is a modest proposal that applies to all democracies: the marketplace of ideas works better if it is easier for citizens to see the trade-offs between accuracy and entertainment, or between accuracy and party loyalty. Wouldn't they be more likely to read pundits with better track records?
kevin dudeja
McDOnalds
McDonald's Corporation is the world's leading company in the fast food industry. It has over 31,800 flagship restaurants serving nearly 50 million people each day in more than 119 countries worldwide. Recently in 2003, the corporation has dramatically altered the course of its business by refocusing on the disciplines of operations excellence and marketing leadership, which are said to be the characteristics of customer satisfaction. This shift in their business operations was the first step towards creating sustainable, profitable growth at McDonald's. McDonald's serves about 50 million people each day. It has been integrated in their management to prioritize customer satisfaction. They are intent in improving the experience of each and every one of these 50 million people that they serve everyday. It must be noted that customer satisfaction has always been the key in the success of any service-related industry such as fast food as exceptional service has the power to differentiate one corporation from another. One of the corporation's efforts in speeding up their service is through automated beverage dispensers which drop and fill the right-size drink cups as orders are keyed into the register. This innovation has simplified their operations, sped up their service, as well as satisfied their customers in the provision of quick service. Also, the corporation is aimed at pleasing their customers through treating them equally without regards to their status or anything else that discrimination can be based on. Aside from the corporation's quick service and its universal friendliness to the customers, the corporation has also approximately 2,800 employees who provide a wide variety of support functions to the thousands of McDonald's restaurants around the world through a network of divisional, regional and local-country offices. In terms of their treatment towards their employees, the corporation also has this initiative of satisfying their employees through a benefits program that is designed to attract, energize, reward and retain talented and capable people who will be able to produce superior business results and enhance the corporation's leadership position in the fast food industry. McDonald's has realized that satisfied employees will become motivated in their work; hence, there will be maximization of productivity as their employees will be able to satisfy their customers in giving them exceptional service.
Pranav raakesh
Caves
Indian civilization begins with the Indus civilization that dates back about 4000 years. Aryans from the west settled in India and developed "Vedic" literature as part of the Brahman religion. These became the Holy Books of the religion, which later came to be known as Hinduism. During the 5th-6th centuries BC, Gautama Siddharta became Buddha and started Buddhism and Vardhamana became Mahavira and started Jainism. Buddhism had the support of the royal class and was adopted by the masses. As Buddhism spread across the country, so did its monasteries and temples. As Hinduism re-established itself strongly, the Buddhist presence disappeared from India in the 13th century. Cave temples typically represent the architecture of Ancient Times. Naturally there must have been castles, palaces and houses during that time, but none of those remain, because buildings constructed of wood, rotted or burned easily. Temples were built of bricks, but when Buddhism died out, these were destroyed or pulled down due to a lack of protectors. However, cave temples and monasteries still exist today because they were carved out of rock - a much stronger material. There are around 1,200 such cave temples and monasteries left and 75 per cent of them belong to Buddhism. As they were not satisfied with cave temples, entire sculpted rock temples were built during the Middle Ages. A few still exist unto the present day. In contrast to the rock temples that imitated wooden temples of ancient times, the stone temples, built by laying cut stones one on top of another, came to be the model of sculpted stone construction. But since these developed together, there is no line dividing the ages in terms of centuries. Construction of stone temples commenced in the 5th century, during the Gupta dynasty, but was standardized only during the 8th century. Many stone temples were built between the 7th and 9th centuries, but the temples carved out of rocks were constructed up till the 12th century. Hence according to the history of architecture, the transition from ancient times to the Middle Ages took many centuries. Buddhism took the lead in construction during ancient times and in contrast, Hinduism took the lead during the Middle Ages followed by Jainism. The method of stone construction improved by leaps and bounds in north and south India. The style caught on and very soon the whole of India was filled with stone structures. The Chandella dynasty in the north and the Chola dynasty in the south showed remarkable developments in architecture, by building magnificent temples, using stone. Islam entered India during the 11th century and established power in Delhi during the 13th century. Till the 16th century, the Turkish and Afghan dynasties continued to rule Delhi during a period referred to as the "Delhi Sultanate". Western styles of architecture, including techniques like domes were brought to India during this age and had a strong influence on building styles. This period called the Middle Ages, and the advent of the Mughals who conquered most of India, signalled the beginning of the Modern Age. The 600-odd buildings in the book, are grouped together according to their similarities. To enable the traveller to decide which place to visit, the buildings are given a star rating, from 0 to 3. This is done as a subjective measure to help the traveller use this as a yardstick while planning his journey.
Rupam sharma
Observation vs Interpretation
A woman from New Orleans who read the article on ravens that I wrote when I had just started to investigate whether and how ravens share, wrote me: "I did not have so much trouble as you did in showing that ravens share. I see them at my feeder - they even feed one another". There are no ravens in New Orleans, nor anywhere else in Louisiana. Perhaps what she actually saw were several large dark birds (crows? Grackles?), one of which fed another one or two (probably their grown offspring traveling along with them). People commonly confuse personal interpretations with factual observations. This tendency is a special bane in getting reliable observations on ravens because so much ingrained folklore about them exists that it is difficult to look at them objectively. I once read an article about a trapper/writer in Alaska. Knowing he would be familiar with ravens in the north, I wrote to ask him if he had seen ravens feeding in crowds. He had a lot of raven stories to tell. First, he said "everyone" he knew, knew that ravens share their food. He was surprised at the ignorance of us armchair scientists so far away, who would even question it. Ravens were "clever enough" to raid the fish he kept on racks for his dogs. They proved their cleverness by posting a "twenty-four-hour guard" at his cabin. (How did he distinguish this, I wondered, from birds waiting for an opportunity to feed?) As soon as he left the cabin, a raven was there to "spread the word". (Read: Flew away and/or called.) He claimed that one raven "followed" him all day. (Read: He occasionally saw a raven.) It then "reported back" to the others so that they could all leave just before he got back from his day on the trapline. (Read: He saw several leave together, and there were none when he got back to the cabin door.) Many of the birds "raided" (fed from?) his fish rack, and his idea of their "getting out the word" to ravens for miles around is that the one who discovers the food calls, and thereby summons all the birds in neighboring territories, who then also call in an ever-enlarging ring of information sharing. (An interesting thought).) It was no mystery to him why the birds would do this: they are "gossiping". "It seems obvious", he said, "that the birds get excited, and they simply cannot hold in their excitement - that lets others know". Any why should they evolve such transparent excitement? That, too, was "obvious": "Because it is best for the species". This stock answer explains nothing. It was disturbing to me to see anyone so facilely blur the distinction between the observations and interpretations and then even go so far as to make numerous deductions without the slightest shred of evidence. When I was very young and did not "see" what seemed obvious to adults, I often though I was stupid and unsuited for science. Now I sometimes wonder if that is why I make progress. I see the ability to invent interconnections as no advantage whatsoever where the discovery of truth is the objective. There are those who believe that science consists entirely of disproving alternative hypotheses, as if when you eliminate the alternative views, the one you have left is right. The problem is that there is no way to think of all the possible hypotheses that nature can devise. More than that, you have to prove which is the most reasonable. But any one hypothesis can, with a limited data set, be reasonable. There is at least a touch of truth in the idea that any variable affects another. If you look long and determinedly enough you will find that almost any variable element you choose to examine apparently affects the behavior you are studying. You have to be able to skim over what is not important or relevant to your problem, and to concentrate long enough on the prime movers to unearth sufficient facts that, presuming they are recognized, add up to something.
vipul sharma